Having paid a visit to Matera on our last trip I really wanted to understand more about the history of that area and managed to get Carlo Levi's book - originally piblished mid 40s I think. I recommend you read it to get an appreciation of the way of life; the poverty of the peasants, their moralities, seclusion and of course outright exploitation by the middle classes who lived off their backs.
In the main street of Matera and behind one of the several reconstructed 'homes' which you can visit (the caves where the people lived) there is a museum. It was closed when we were there but there was an engraved writing in stone on the building which tells of the absence of any comfort in their lives. The sheer grind and poverty meant a joyless state, once they reached adulthood, with disease (malaria in the main) taking many people prematurely.
To quote Levi:
"Black eyes made empty
by the tears of numberless vigils
look into the depth of the spirit".
Hotel rooms in these now nicely refurbished caves range from 50 - 120 Euros a night but it is worth going upmarket to experience the nicer hotels. There can be a damp, often musty smell so some keep a dehumidifier on all the time. Sound carries as well so a dog parking half a mile away and accompanied in a midnight chorus with his friends will penetrate through to your bed.

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